网络数据分析中的基本技术挑战是社区的自动发现 - 紧密连接或具有相似功能或角色的节点组。在本评论中，我们回顾了过去20年的该领域的进度。

我们根据使用Bradley-Terry模型的成对比较来研究个体，团队或对象的排名。该模型中排名的最大样本估计通常是使用大约一个世纪前首次引入的简单迭代算法制成的。在这里，我们描述了一种替代性和类似简单的迭代，该迭代可以更快地解决相同的问题 - 在某些情况下，超过一百倍。我们在应用程序集合的应用程序中使用应用程序来证明该算法，并得出有关其收敛性的一些结果。

基于对成对之间的一系列比较，对个人或团队进行排名的任务是在各种情况下出现的，包括体育比赛和对动物和人类之间的优势层次结构的分析。鉴于竞争对手击败其他人的数据，挑战是将竞争对手从最佳到最糟糕进行排名。在这里，我们研究计算排名的问题时，当存在多种相互冲突的比较模式，例如动物之间多种类型的优势行为。我们假设我们不知道每种行为传达有关排名的信息，或者它们是否完全传达任何信息。尽管如此，我们表明，在这种情况下可以根据期望最大化算法和修改后的Bradley-Terry模型的组合来计算在这种情况下的排名，并提出一种快速的方法。我们为动物和人类竞争提供了一些示例申请。

Stochastic blockmodels have been proposed as a tool for detecting community structure in networks as well as for generating synthetic networks for use as benchmarks. Most blockmodels, however, ignore variation in vertex degree, making them unsuitable for applications to real-world networks, which typically display broad degree distributions that can significantly distort the results.Here we demonstrate how the generalization of blockmodels to incorporate this missing element leads to an improved objective function for community detection in complex networks. We also propose a heuristic algorithm for community detection using this objective function or its non-degree-corrected counterpart and show that the degree-corrected version dramatically outperforms the uncorrected one in both real-world and synthetic networks.

A "heart attack" or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when an artery supplying blood to the heart is abruptly occluded. The "gold standard" method for imaging MI is Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), with intravenously administered gadolinium-based contrast (late gadolinium enhancement). However, no "gold standard" fully automated method for the quantification of MI exists. In this work, we propose an end-to-end fully automatic system (MyI-Net) for the detection and quantification of MI in MRI images. This has the potential to reduce the uncertainty due to the technical variability across labs and inherent problems of the data and labels. Our system consists of four processing stages designed to maintain the flow of information across scales. First, features from raw MRI images are generated using feature extractors built on ResNet and MoblieNet architectures. This is followed by the Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) to produce spatial information at different scales to preserve more image context. High-level features from ASPP and initial low-level features are concatenated at the third stage and then passed to the fourth stage where spatial information is recovered via up-sampling to produce final image segmentation output into: i) background, ii) heart muscle, iii) blood and iv) scar areas. New models were compared with state-of-art models and manual quantification. Our models showed favorable performance in global segmentation and scar tissue detection relative to state-of-the-art work, including a four-fold better performance in matching scar pixels to contours produced by clinicians.

Three main points: 1. Data Science (DS) will be increasingly important to heliophysics; 2. Methods of heliophysics science discovery will continually evolve, requiring the use of learning technologies [e.g., machine learning (ML)] that are applied rigorously and that are capable of supporting discovery; and 3. To grow with the pace of data, technology, and workforce changes, heliophysics requires a new approach to the representation of knowledge.

The NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is an essential tool for researchers that allows them to explore the astronomy and astrophysics scientific literature, but it has yet to exploit recent advances in natural language processing. At ADASS 2021, we introduced astroBERT, a machine learning language model tailored to the text used in astronomy papers in ADS. In this work we: - announce the first public release of the astroBERT language model; - show how astroBERT improves over existing public language models on astrophysics specific tasks; - and detail how ADS plans to harness the unique structure of scientific papers, the citation graph and citation context, to further improve astroBERT.

Machine learning tasks often require a significant amount of training data for the resultant network to perform suitably for a given problem in any domain. In agriculture, dataset sizes are further limited by phenotypical differences between two plants of the same genotype, often as a result of differing growing conditions. Synthetically-augmented datasets have shown promise in improving existing models when real data is not available. In this paper, we employ a contrastive unpaired translation (CUT) generative adversarial network (GAN) and simple image processing techniques to translate indoor plant images to appear as field images. While we train our network to translate an image containing only a single plant, we show that our method is easily extendable to produce multiple-plant field images. Furthermore, we use our synthetic multi-plant images to train several YoloV5 nano object detection models to perform the task of plant detection and measure the accuracy of the model on real field data images. Including training data generated by the CUT-GAN leads to better plant detection performance compared to a network trained solely on real data.

动态磁共振成像（MRI）是一种流行的医学成像技术，可生成组织和器官内部对比度材料流动的图像序列。但是，仅在少数可行性研究中证明了它在通过食道运动中的成像运动中的应用，并且相对尚未探索。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个称为力学的MRI（MRI-MEC）的计算框架，该计算框架增强了该能力，从而增加了动态MRI在诊断食管疾病中的适用性。菠萝汁用作动态MRI的吞咽对比材料，MRI图像序列被用作MRI-MECH的输入。 MRI-MECH将食道建模为柔性的一维管，弹性管壁遵循线性管定律。然后，通过一维质量和动量保护方程式，通过食道流动。这些方程是使用物理信息的神经网络（PINN）求解的。 PINN最大程度地减少了MRI测量和模型预测之间的差异，以确保始终遵循流体流量问题的物理。 MRI-Mech计算了食管转运期间的流体速度和压力，并通过计算壁刚度和主动弛豫来估计食道健康的机械健康。此外，MRI-Mech预测了在排空过程中有关下食管下括约肌的缺失信息，这证明了其适用于缺少数据或图像分辨率差的方案。除了基于食管机械健康的定量估计值来改善临床决策外，MRI-MECH还可以增强用于应用其他医学成像方式以增强其功能。

开发有效的自动分类器将真实来源与工件分开，对于宽场光学调查的瞬时随访至关重要。在图像差异过程之后，从减法伪像的瞬态检测鉴定是此类分类器的关键步骤，称为真实 - 博格斯分类问题。我们将自我监督的机器学习模型，深入的自组织地图（DESOM）应用于这个“真实的模拟”分类问题。 DESOM结合了自动编码器和一个自组织图以执行聚类，以根据其维度降低的表示形式来区分真实和虚假的检测。我们使用32x32归一化检测缩略图作为底部的输入。我们展示了不同的模型训练方法，并发现我们的最佳DESOM分类器显示出6.6％的检测率，假阳性率为1.5％。 Desom提供了一种更细微的方法来微调决策边界，以确定与其他类型的分类器（例如在神经网络或决策树上构建的）结合使用时可能进行的实际检测。我们还讨论了DESOM及其局限性的其他潜在用法。